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:''Not to be confused with the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies or The George C. Marshall Foundation'' The George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) is an Arlington, Virginia based conservative think tank that is often characterized as neoliberal. It was established in 1984 with a focus on science and public policy issues. In the 1980s, the Institute was engaged primarily in lobbying in support of the Strategic Defense Initiative.〔 Since the late 1980s, the Institute has put forward environmental skepticism views, and in particular has disputed mainstream scientific opinion on climate change, although it continues to be active on defense policy. The organization is named after World War II military leader and statesman George C. Marshall. ==History== The George C. Marshall Institute was founded in 1984 by Frederick Seitz (former President of the United States National Academy of Sciences), Robert Jastrow (founder of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies), and William Nierenberg (former director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography). The Institute's primary aim, initially, was to play a role in defense policy debates, defending Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, or "Star Wars"). In particular, it sought to defend SDI "from attack by the Union of Concerned Scientists, and in particular by the equally prominent physicists Hans Bethe, Richard Garwin, and astronomer Carl Sagan."〔 The Institute argued that the Soviet Union was a military threat.〔 A 1987 article by Jastrow〔Robert Jastrow, "America has Five Years Left!", ''National Review'', Vol. 39, February 13, 1987〕 argued that in five years the Soviet Union would be so powerful that it would be able to achieve world domination without firing a shot.〔Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, 10 August 2010, "(Distorting Science While Invoking Science )", ''Science Progress''〕 With the end of the Cold War in 1991, the Institute shifted from an emphasis on defense to a focus on environmental skepticism, including skepticism on issues of global warming.〔 The Institute's shift to environmental skepticism began with the publication of a report on global warming by William Nierenberg. During the United States presidential election, 1988, George H. W. Bush had pledged to meet the "greenhouse effect with the White House effect."〔 Nierenberg's report, which blamed global warming on solar activity, had a large impact on the incoming Bush presidency, strengthening those in it opposed to environmental regulation.〔 In 1990 the Institute's founders (Jastrow, Nierenberg and Seitz) published a book on climate change.〔Robert Jastrow, William Aaron Nierenberg, Frederick Seitz, ''(Scientific perspectives on the greenhouse problem )'', Marshall Press, 1990〕 The appointment of David Allan Bromley as presidential science advisor, however, saw Bush sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, despite some opposition from within his administration.〔 In 1994, the Institute published a paper by its then chairman, Frederick Seitz, titled ''Global warming and ozone hole controversies: A challenge to scientific judgment.'' Seitz questioned the view that CFCs "are the greatest threat to the ozone layer". In the same paper, commenting on the dangers of secondary inhalation of tobacco smoke, he concluded "there is no good scientific evidence that passive inhalation is truly dangerous under normal circumstances."〔Norbert Hirschhorn, Stella Aguinaga Bialous. "(Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry? )", ''Tobacco Control'' 2001;10:375-382 〕 In 2012, the institute took over the responsibility for running the Missilethreat.com website from the Claremont Institute. Missilethreat.com aims to inform the American people of missile threats, thereby encouraging the deployment of a ballistic missile defense system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Missilethreat.com )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「George C. Marshall Institute」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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